Learn about Finite State Machines (FSMs), a mathematical model of computation used in computer science and engineering to design systems with distinct states and transitions.
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A Finite State Machine (FSM), also known as a finite automaton, is a mathematical model of computation that exists in one of a finite number of states at any given time. It can change from one state to another in response to some external input or condition, which is called a transition. An FSM is defined by a list of its states, its initial state, and the conditions for each transition.
The fundamental elements of an FSM include: States, which represent a particular configuration or condition of the system; Inputs, which are external events or signals that trigger transitions; Transitions, which are rules defining how the machine moves from one state to another based on an input; and an Initial State, where the machine starts. Some FSMs also define Output actions associated with states or transitions.
Consider a simple vending machine that accepts only quarters and sells a 50-cent soda. Its states could be 'No Money,' '25 Cents In,' and '50 Cents In.' From 'No Money,' inserting a quarter moves it to '25 Cents In.' From '25 Cents In,' another quarter leads to '50 Cents In,' enabling the 'Dispense Soda' action. Any other input (like a dime) would lead to no state change or an error state, returning the coin.
FSMs are crucial in designing digital circuits, parsing languages, controlling software applications, and modeling artificial intelligence. They simplify complex system behaviors by breaking them down into manageable states and rules, ensuring predictable responses to inputs. This makes them indispensable tools for creating robust and reliable systems in various fields, from embedded systems to game development.